Investment Tax Planning

Munis is a catch-all term for municipal bonds sold by state and local governments. The interest munis pay is generally exempt from federal tax and is usually exempt from state and local taxes for residents of the locality where the bond is issued. If you sell munis for a profit, however, you may owe capital gains tax. And, in some cases, the interest may be subject to the alternative minimum tax (AMT).

TAX IMPLICATIONS OF OTHER FEDERAL INVESTMENTS
		US savings bond interest is subject to federal tax, but not to state and local taxes. You can elect to pay tax annually or defer it until you cash the bonds. Interest on some savings bonds may be tax free if you use them to pay qualified education expenses, but there are conditions.
		Federal zero-coupon bonds pay you no interest until maturity. But you pay annual federal tax on the interest as though you received it each year.
		Ginnie Mae securities, issued by the Government National Mortgage Association, provide income from a pool of mortgages. The interest is subject to federal, state and local income taxes.

Municipal bonds, like other investments, have specific advantages but also carry certain risks. If interest rate on newer bonds is higher than the rate on the bonds you own, you might have to sell for less than par value if you sell before maturity.

Tax-free bonds that pay the highest interest tend to be issued by governments with low credit ratings. That means the issuers have an increased potential to default. That could mean your losing interest payments or return of principal or both. Financial professionals suggest sticking to highly rated bonds unless you're ready to take this risk.

Some mutual funds, including some money market funds, invest only in tax-exempt bonds. That may be an alternative to buying individual munis. Remember, though, that because each fund owns a number of bonds, there's not a fixed interest rate or a maturity date. Nor does a fund promise to return your principal.

TREASURY OFFERINGS
Investment earnings on US Treasury securities are free of state and local taxes. But the interest is subject to federal income tax.

Treasury bills are available with terms of up to 26 weeks. Treasury notes have terms from two to ten years, and Treasury bonds have terms of more than ten years — 30 to be precise. The tax on note and bond interest is due annually, but interest on bills is taxed at maturity, or, if you sell before maturity, in the year the bills are sold.

FIGURING YOUR YIELD
Before buying tax-free bonds, you need to know whether the yield, or what you earn as a percentage of the bond's cost, is better than the after-tax yield on a corporate bond or on another taxable investment. To make that calculation, you have to take federal, state, and local tax rates into account, especially in high-tax states such as California and New York.

Tax-free bonds may not offer much advantage if you're in the 10%, 15%, or 25% federal tax brackets. But the higher your marginal tax rate is, the more likely you are to receive a greater net yield on a tax-free investment than on one that's taxed.

A taxpayer in the 28% bracket, for example, needs a taxable return of about 6.94% to match a tax-free yield of 5%. But if you're in the 35% bracket, you'll need to find a taxable return of 7.69% to equal that 5% tax-free yield. These numbers don't reflect state and local taxes. The taxable return must be even higher if you take those factors into account.



Use the chart above or the formula below to calculate the equivalent taxable yield for your tax-exempt investment.

Here's how to use the formula. Let's say you're trying to figure how much taxable yield you need to equal a tax-free investment yielding 5%. If you're in the 33% bracket, here's what the calculation looks like:

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